ch2: Applications

user_lib
user apps

user/.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[build]
+target = "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf"
+
+[target.riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf]
+rustflags = [
+    "-Clink-arg=-Tsrc/linker.ld", "-Cforce-frame-pointers=yes"
+]

user/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target

user/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "critical-section"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "790eea4361631c5e7d22598ecd5723ff611904e3344ce8720784c93e3d83d40b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "embedded-hal"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "361a90feb7004eca4019fb28352a9465666b24f840f5c3cddf0ff13920590b89"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.89"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.37"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "riscv"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5ea8ff73d3720bdd0a97925f0bf79ad2744b6da8ff36be3840c48ac81191d7a7"
+dependencies = [
+ "critical-section",
+ "embedded-hal",
+ "paste",
+ "riscv-macros",
+ "riscv-pac",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "riscv-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f265be5d634272320a7de94cea15c22a3bfdd4eb42eb43edc528415f066a1f25"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "riscv-pac"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8188909339ccc0c68cfb5a04648313f09621e8b87dc03095454f1a11f6c5d436"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.87"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "user_lib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "riscv",
+]

user/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "user_lib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+riscv = "0.12.1"

user/src/bin/00_hello_world.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate user_lib;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+fn main() -> i32 {
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+    0
+}

user/src/bin/01_store_fault.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate user_lib;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+fn main() -> i32 {
+    println!("Into Test store_fault, we will insert an invalid store operation...");
+    println!("kerne; should kill this application");
+    unsafe  {
+        core::ptr::null_mut::<u8>().write_volatile(0);
+    }
+    0
+}

user/src/bin/02_powers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate user_lib;
+
+const SIZE: usize = 10;
+const P: u32 = 3;
+const STEP: usize = 100000;
+const MOD: u32 = 10007;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+fn main() -> i32 {
+    let mut pow = [0u32; SIZE];
+    let mut index: usize = 0;
+    pow[index] = 1;
+    for i in 1..=STEP {
+        let last = pow[index];
+        index = (index + 1) % SIZE;
+        pow[index] = last * P % MOD;
+        if i % 10000 == 0 {
+            println!("{}^{}={}(MOD {})", P, i, pow[index], MOD);
+        }
+    }
+    println!("Test power OK!");
+    0
+}

user/src/bin/03_priv_inst.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate user_lib;
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+fn main() -> i32 {
+    println!("Try to execute privileged instruction in U Mode");
+    println!("Kernel should kill this application!");
+    unsafe {
+        asm!("sret");
+    }
+    0
+}

user/src/bin/04_priv_csr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate user_lib;
+
+use riscv::register::sstatus::{self, SPP};
+
+#[no_mangle]
+fn main() -> i32 {
+    println!("Try to access privileged CSR in U Mode");
+    println!("Kernel should kill this application!");
+    unsafe {
+        sstatus::set_spp(SPP::User);
+    }
+    0
+}

user/src/console.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use super::write;
+use core::fmt::{self, Write};
+
+
+struct Stdout;
+
+const STDOUT: usize = 1;
+
+impl Write for Stdout {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        write(STDOUT, s.as_bytes());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    Stdout.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($fmt: literal $(, $($arg: tt)+)?) => {
+        $crate::console::print(format_args!($fmt $(, $($arg)+)?));
+    }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    ($fmt: literal $(, $($arg: tt)+)?) => {
+        $crate::console::print(format_args!(concat!($fmt, "\n") $(, $($arg)+)?));
+    }
+}

user/src/lang_items.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use core::panic::PanicInfo;
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    let err = info.message().as_str().unwrap();
+    if let Some(location) = info.location() {
+        println!(
+            "Panicked at {}:{}, {}",
+            location.file(),
+            location.line(),
+            err
+        );
+    } else {
+        println!("Panicked: {}", err);
+    }
+    loop {}
+}

user/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod console;
+mod syscall;
+mod lang_items;
+
+#[no_mangle]
+#[link_section = ".text.entry"]
+pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
+    // linkage is not stable
+    // but main function in user function required
+    extern "C" {
+        fn main() -> i32;
+    }
+    clear_bss();
+    unsafe {
+        exit(main());
+    }
+    panic!("unreachable after sys_exit")
+}
+
+fn clear_bss() {
+    extern "C" {
+        fn sbss();
+        fn ebss();
+    }
+    (sbss as usize..ebss as usize).for_each(|addr| unsafe {
+        (addr as *mut u8).write_volatile(0);
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn write(fd: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> isize {
+    syscall::sys_write(fd, buf)
+}
+pub fn exit(exit_code: i32) -> isize {
+    syscall::sys_exit(exit_code)
+}

user/src/linker.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+OUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)
+ENTRY(_start)
+BASE_ADDRESS = 0x80400000;
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+    . = BASE_ADDRESS;
+
+    stext = .;
+    .text : {
+        *(.text.entry)
+        *(.text .text.*)
+    }
+
+    . = ALIGN(4K);
+    etext = .;
+    srodata = .;
+    .rodata : {
+        *(.data .rodata.*)
+        *(.srodata .srodata.*)
+    }
+
+    . = ALIGN(4K);
+    erodata = .;
+    sdata = .;
+    .data : {
+        *(.data .data.*)
+        *(.sdata .sdata.*)
+    }
+
+    . = ALIGN(4K);
+    edata = .;
+    .bss : {
+        *(.bss.stack)
+        sbss = .;
+        *(.bss .bss.*)
+        *(.sbss .sbss.*)
+    }
+
+    . = ALIGN(4K);
+    ebss = .;
+     
+    /DISCARD/ : {
+        *(.eh_frame)
+    }
+}

user/src/syscall.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+const SYSCALL_WRITE: usize = 64;
+const SYSCALL_EXIT: usize = 93;
+
+fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3]) -> isize {
+    let mut ret: isize;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "ecall",
+            inlateout("x10") args[0] => ret,
+            in("x11") args[1],
+            in("x12") args[2],
+            in("x17") id
+        );
+    }
+    ret
+}
+
+pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buffer: &[u8]) -> isize {
+    syscall(SYSCALL_WRITE, [fd, buffer.as_ptr() as usize, buffer.len()])
+}
+
+pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: i32) -> isize {
+    syscall(SYSCALL_EXIT, [exit_code as usize, 0, 0])
+}